Project Anvikshiki

Growing criticism of the one-size-fits-all allocation paradigm in a post-1991 market economy; demand from state governments for fiscal autonomy and cooperative federalism; and the recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission increasing tax devolution to 42%.

A replaced institution leaves behind coordination voids. Understanding policy continuity requires examining where statutory and unwritten allocative responsibilities migrate following structural dissolution.

Low claim ratios in high-need districts, exclusion errors tied to outdated 2002 BPL registries, high residual out-of-pocket costs for outpatient diagnostics and drugs, and administrative friction under the Ministry of Labour led to transfer to Health and subsequent nationwide redesign.

A discontinued or subsumed programme is not an institutional failure: RSBY laid the foundational IT architecture, hospital empanelment criteria, and fraud-detection telemetry that made PM-JAY technically viable in 2018.

Operating three independent centrally sponsored schemes (SSA, RMSA, TE) produced duplicative district administrative societies, conflicting teacher training standards, and a severe drop-off in transition rates between elementary and secondary grades.

Administrative convergence on paper requires reconciling disparate civil servant cadres and fund-flow mechanisms on the ground. Policy coherence demands unified institutional execution.

Evaluations revealed high rates of constructed but unutilized latrines, bureaucratic delays in subsidy reimbursement, low public salience, and fragmented inter-ministerial ownership.

The bottleneck in public delivery is rarely lack of intent or budget; it is the absence of feedback loops, administrative accountability, and implementation cadence.

Severe non-performing assets among individual beneficiaries, corruption in subsidy disbursement, weak training, and failure to sustain individual informal enterprises in rural markets.

Policies that invest in durable community institutions create institutional memory and capacity far beyond direct transfer schemes.

Nationwide outrage, Rowlatt Satyagraha, Jallianwala Bagh massacre fallout, and Non-Cooperation movement.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Historical symbol of British colonial oppression; protested during the historic Dandi March; abolished immediately post-independence.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Command-economy Five-Year Plan model was outdated; lacked state government empowerment and dynamic think-tank advisory capabilities.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

High administrative cost, harassment of taxpayers, negligible revenue yield, and distortion of consumption.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

High compliance and collection costs with nominal revenue generation (less than 0.1% of direct tax collections).

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Outdated provisions unable to handle modern corporate structures, cross-border mergers, e-filing, and international accounting standards.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Catastrophically failed to curb gold demand; devastated traditional goldsmiths (Sunars) and spawned an illegal smuggling hawala economy.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Incompatible with post-1991 economic liberalization; focused on curbing firm size rather than curbing anti-competitive behavior.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Grossly misused during the 1975–1977 Emergency to indefinitely jail political opposition, journalists, and trade unionists without trial.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Draconian legislation where forex violations were treated as non-bailable criminal offenses; severely impeded foreign direct investment (FDI).

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Led to artificial land shortages in major cities, rampant corruption in exemption approvals, and skyrocketing housing prices.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Widespread human rights abuses, custodial torture, abuse of confessions made to police, and conviction rates under 1%.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Outdated laws failed to address e-commerce platforms, misleading celebrity endorsements, and product liability disputes.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Created unnecessary transaction frictions; successfully established anti-money-laundering tracking trail, making the tax redundant.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Extreme compliance burden on businesses, litigation over legitimate corporate business expenses, and severe corporate backlash.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Political misuse against opposition leaders (e.g., Vaiko, Raghuraj Pratap Singh) and severe human rights concerns.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Unsustainable pension liabilities on Central/State budgets; un-funded non-contributory retirement payouts.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Colonial-era eminent domain law lacked fair compensation, consent clauses, and rehabilitation/resettlement (R&R) safeguards.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Sub-optimal house quality, inadequate unit assistance, leakage in beneficiary identification, and lack of basic amenities.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Individual micro-credit subsidy approach led to debt distress without building sustainable community institutions.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Over-centralized project clearance, poor municipal reforms implementation, and massive project backlogs across Tier 1/2 cities.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Slow pace of slum redevelopment, land title legal logjams, and need for a unified 'Housing for All' urban strategy.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Fragmented sanitation drives failed to stop open defecation; inadequate behavioral change communication (BCC).

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Fragmented administrative silos between primary, upper primary, secondary, and teacher training institutions.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Quality lapses, nutritional deficiencies, and exclusion of pre-primary (Balvatika) children.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Low coverage ceiling (only ₹30,000 per BPL family), high out-of-pocket tertiary healthcare expenses, and restricted hospital networks.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Only electrified village peripheries without ensuring 100% household connections, metering, and feeder segregation.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Inadequate guaranteed returns, lack of government co-contribution longevity, and low awareness among informal workers.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Severe corruption allegations in medical college licensing, opaque regulatory inspector raj, and doctor seat shortages.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Declared unconstitutional and void by the Supreme Court of India (5-judge Constitution Bench) for violating judicial independence.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Cascading effect of taxes (tax-on-tax), interstate border transit delays, complex multi-state compliance barriers.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Massive political deadlock in Rajya Sabha and severe farmer opposition against exempting infrastructure projects from consent and SIA clauses.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Panic among bank depositors regarding Section 52 ('bail-in' clause), which citizens feared would use depositor funds to rescue bankrupt banks.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Struck down unanimously by the Supreme Court of India (5-judge Bench) as unconstitutional, arbitrary, and violating Article 19(1)(a) Right to Information.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Over a year of relentless farmer agitations at Delhi borders; widespread fears of dismantling APMC mandis and dismantling MSP safety net.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Joint Parliamentary Committee recommended 81 extensive amendments and 12 policy recommendations; tech industry opposed onerous cross-border data localization.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Parliamentary Standing Committee raised serious privacy, genetic profiling, and caste-targeting concerns regarding national DNA databanks.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Severe backlash from digital content creators, independent YouTube/podcasting journalists, and civil rights groups over expansive definitions of 'broadcasters'.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Successive political transitions, endless drafting committee iterations (Arbind Modi & Akhilesh Ranjan task forces), and risk of destabilizing tax revenue.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Severe nationwide anti-CAA/NRC protests in 2019–2020, political resistance from over 10 state governments, and massive administrative feasibility issues.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Initially delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic; subsequently delayed over demand for Caste Census, technical digital transitions, and delimitation timelines.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Government awaiting G20-wide global regulatory consensus; opted instead to discourage crypto via 30% capital gains tax + 1% TDS + FIU-IND compliance.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Inter-ministerial standoff: Finance Ministry opposed direct corporate tax concessions and duty-free domestic sales, while Commerce pushed for flexibility.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Decolonization of India's colonial-era criminal justice framework; modernization for electronic records, terrorism, and mob lynching.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Archaic compliance burden, multi-authority inspector raj, need to extend social security to gig/platform workers and ease business hiring.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

State government objections over central control of universities, funding autonomy disputes between regulation and grants.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Strong resistance from power sector employee unions and agricultural unions over fears of privatization of distribution and end of subsidized power.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.

Recommendations of Ramanujam Committee (2014) and Law Commission to clean up dead-letter, redundant, and colonial statutes hindering governance.

Policy evolution requires institutional continuity, documentation of street-level delivery constraints, and memory preservation.